Teachers should receive training on ethical use of AI including development of relevant learning outcomes, learning activities, and assessment strategies. National guidance and institutional-level policies should be developed and/or reframed to include AI. National guidance should provide overarching advice on what institutions should include in their policies. Implications for practice Institutional policies should: Define default rules on when and how the students, teachers, researchers and other educational stakeholders are allowed to use different kinds of AI tools. There should be space for specific rules at course level. The policy and the rules should be clearly communicated to all stakeholders. Guide the users on how to correctly and transparently acknowledge the use of AI tools in an assignment, dissertation, thesis, paper, article, book chapter, computer programme, graphic, artwork and other types of artefact.
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