Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. Project number: 2023-1-NL01-KA220-HED-000155675. Lessons learned Non-judgmental expectancy, Performance expectancy, and Effort expectancy have been concluded as the main predictors of acceptability. These constructs can positively influence the AI chatbot acceptability by providing an easy-to-use, unbiased, 24/7 available solution for simple educational, informative, and assistance tasks. Further, fast information provision positively impacts students' inner well-being by eliminating negative feelings associated with waiting. Students suggested that most possible applications of AI chatbots are in communication areas concerning recap of course material, study material recommendation and exam and requirements information. Implications for practice This master’s thesis can then be used as a base for the framework for AI chatbot application in HE, part of the digital strategy proposal of some universities or policymakers, or as an inspiration for proof of concept to justify if the concept has practical potential. For instance, the study could be used when an educational institution decides to implement rule-based or AI-based chatbots, alternatively, whether the AI designers would like to address specific consumers' intent, such as not being judged. Casus 18: ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) als hulpmiddel in microbiële pathogenese studies in Zweden: een cross-sectionele vergelijkende studie General information Hultgren, C., Lindkvist, C. A., Özenci, C. A. V., Curbo, C. A. V. S. (2023). ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) as an assistant tool in microbial pathogenesis studies in Sweden: a cross-sectional comparative study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 20, 32. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.32 University/ HEI: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden Course and subject domain: Microbial pathogenesis for dental students Aim: To compare the ability of GPT-3.5 and teachers to answer questions from dental students and construct detailed intended learning outcomes. Target group: Students during their third semester at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden in September 2022. Description of case AI tool used: ChatGPT 3.5 A detailed description of what happened: The questions from the students and replies from the teachers were obtained from an online discussion forum during the course. The teachers were at the time unaware that their answers would be used in the current study. The same questions were administered to GPT-3.5 in May 2023. The 7 different intended learning outcomes were individually supplied to GPT-3.5, with a prompt to create new detailed intended learning outcomes for each individual intended learning outcome. The
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