Chatbots Chatbots, often referred to as dialogue systems or conversational agents, are programmes that communicate with people through text or voice commands in a way that mimics humanto-human conversation (European Commission, 2022). They are increasingly used in HE through various AI technologies. Their strength lies in their ability to engage users in a natural, conversational tone. For example, Georgia State University implemented a text-based chatbot called "Pounce" to assist students with tasks such as registration, admissions, financial aid, and other administrative processes. (Akgun & Greenhow, 2021) Facial recognition systems Facial recognition systems are utilised to track and analyse students' facial expressions. These systems offer valuable Insights Into student behaviour during learning activities, enabling educators to respond accordingly. This, in turn, supports teachers in adopting learner-focused approaches and enhancing student engagement. (Akgun & Greenhow, 2021) Generative AI Generative AI uses algorithms to produce original content like text, images, or audio. It does this by learning the patterns within existing data and then creating new data that shares those same characteristics. (Oluwagbenro, 2024) Learning Analytics Participants’ activities and interactions are available through the digital tools implemented, which provide teachers and learning designers with vast information regarding the formers’ learning progress. By collecting and analysing such data properly, education stakeholders can act to follow a practical approach (Klašnja-Milićević et al., 2020).
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