Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. Project number: 2023-1-NL01-KA220-HED-000155675. Section 2: Theoretical Background This section presents the theoretical background of the Toolkit with definitions of key terms and notions related to the use of AI in HE along with the role of these advanced technologies in education, their challenges, and their benefits. Having the definitions outlined early on sets a common ground for the Toolkit use, it allows all readers and users to be on the same page and catch up regardless of their current knowledge level. Glossary of key terms Adaptive Learning Adaptive learning is a pedagogical approach that utilises advanced technology, specifically machine-learning algorithms to offer personalised learning experiences tailored to individual students’ needs, preferences, knowledge level and learning style. It uses data-driven algorithms and AI to dynamically adjust the content, the delivery, and the pace of instruction based on students' performance and engagement. By adapting to the specific requirements of each student, adaptive learning promotes effective and efficient learning, increases engagement, and enhances educational outcomes. (Gligorea et al., 2023) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education is a promising field that has attracted researchers’ attention. AI is the machine’s capacity to think like a human, learn and evolve (Limna et al., 2022). In educational practices, AI creates new opportunities, potentials, and challenges. It can support administrative tasks such as grading, teaching, and learning activities such as feedback provision. To some extent, AI can act like tutors by explaining concepts, giving feedback, and modifying teaching as in the case of adaptive systems, but also pedagogical tools, which students can use during the learning process (e.g., for cognitive tasks, scaffolding) (Hwang et al., 2020).
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