Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them. Project number: 2023-1-NL01-KA220-HED-000155675. institution decides to implement rule-based or AI-based chatbots, alternatively, whether the AI designers would like to address specific consumers' intent, such as not being judged. Case Study 18: ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) as an assistant tool in microbial pathogenesis studies in Sweden: a cross-sectional comparative study General information Hultgren, C., Lindkvist, C. A., Özenci, C. A. V., Curbo, C. A. V. S. (2023). ChatGPT (GPT3.5) as an assistant tool in microbial pathogenesis studies in Sweden: a crosssectional comparative study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 20, 32. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.32 University/ HEI: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden Course and subject domain: Microbial pathogenesis for dental students Aim: To compare the ability of GPT-3.5 and teachers to answer questions from dental students and construct detailed intended learning outcomes. Target group: Students during their third semester at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden in September 2022. Description of case AI tool used: ChatGPT 3.5 A detailed description of what happened: The questions from the students and replies from the teachers were obtained from an online discussion forum during the course. The teachers were at the time unaware that their answers would be used in the current study. The same questions were administered to GPT-3.5 in May 2023. The 7 different intended learning outcomes were individually supplied to GPT-3.5, with a prompt to create new detailed intended learning outcomes for each individual intended learning outcome. The intended learning outcomes created by GPT-3.5 were subsequently compared to the detailed intended learning outcomes created for the course in 2022 by teachers. The questions were asked by 22 dental students who took the course on microbial pathogenesis in September 2022. The questions were mainly of the second-order category. One teacher replied to all questions initially, and 2 other teachers retrospectively reviewed the initial teacher’s responses during March/April 2023. There were 7 intended learning outcomes in the microbial pathogenesis course. There were no exclusion criteria; thus, all questions and intended learning outcomes were included. The same questions and intended learning outcomes were asked to GPT-3.5 in May 2023.
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